Category: Topical Division of Subjects

Manoj K. Jha

Human Geography Syllabus

  • by Manoj K. Jha

IAS aspirants are always in dilemma regarding the selection of topics and detailing of micro topics of related subjects

By Manoj K. Jha

IAS aspirants are always in a dilemma regarding the selection of topics and detailing of micro topics of related subjects. It has been a challenge especially for the IAS Prelims paper, as range of information matters for prelims exam. Keeping in mind the concerns, we are presenting the list of important topics for prelims 2014. We will cover all the subjects one-by-one. Here we are presenting topics for human geography ….

Human Geography topics for PT 14

Population
• General Demographic Scene
• Comparison of India’s population with world countries
• Characteristic of India’s demographic profile and related issues
• Population Growth – different periods & characteristics.
1. Period of Stagnant population
2. Period of Steady Growth
3. Period of Rapid High Growth
4. Period of High Growth with Definite Signs of slowing down.

The Demographic Transition – and related issues, challenges etc

National Population Policy & issues of population stabilization

Its long term, short term and medium term objective

States/UTs in descending or ascending order of Decadal Growth Rate

Rural – urban differences in population growth etc

Distribution and Density of Population : Major factors that affect it:-

Spatial Distribution of Population

States/UTs in descending/ascending order of population

Density

Comparison with other world countries

State level patterns

Spatial distribution Areas –

Population composition
• It comprises physical, socio-cultural and economic attributes of population like ethnicity, tribes, languages, religion etc.

Ethnic composition
• Common racial groups
• The Negritos
• Proto Austral rids
• The Mongoloids
• The Mediterranean
• The Brachycephals
• The Nordics

Tribal population : Types- distribution

Tribal economy
• Hunting, Fishing and Gathering
• Shifting Cultivation and lumbering –different names
• Sedentary cultivation, and Animal Husbandry
• Contemporary issues and developments

Language and Dialect Groups
• Classification of Indian languages
• Indo European Family
• Dravidian Family
• Austric Family
• Sino Tibetan Family

Linguistic Regions

Religious Composition

Population and proportion by Religious communities

Sex composition
• Sex Ratio in India during different census
• UTs/state level patterns in India
• Contemporary issues related to sex ratio

Migration Pattern
• Components of migration
• Definition by census

Causes of Migration
• Marriage, Employment, Education, Lack of Security Push and Pull factors

Consequence of Migration
(Demographic, socio-economic consequence and recent examples)

Rural Settlements
• Classification of villages
• Settlement types
• Rural Settlement Pattern
• Common issues related to rural settlement

Trends in Urban Area
• Definition by census
• Urbanization in India
• Decennial growth of urbanization
• Compared with other countries of the world
• Spatial pattern of urbanization

Size-class composition of Urban Population
• Town, city, metros, mega cities
• Metropolitan or million plus cities in India
• Important terminology related to urban growth

Problems of urbanization in India
• Urban sprawl, Overcrowding, Housing, unemployment, slums and squatter settlements etc.
• Slums distribution, issues and policies

Human development
• UNDP’s HD Report
• Indicators of Human Development
• HDI of India comparison with other countries

Health Indicators
• Measured in terms of BR, DR, Nutrition life-expectancy
• IMR, MMR
• Life Expectancy

Literacy
• Census Definition
• Regional variation in Literacy Rate
• Literacy during different decades
• Literacy Programme in India

Economic geography
• Water Resources
• Inter linkage of Rivers
• Perennial and non perennial rivers
• Link canal scheme
• Interstate River Water Disputes in India
• International Cooperation
• Contemporary development with reference to water issues i.e. Indus water Treaty, India-Bangladesh Co-operation, Indo-China etc.

Irrigation
• Geographical factors favouring irrigation
• Sources of irrigation
• Depending on topography, soils, rainfall, availability of surface or ground water, nature of rivers, requirement of crops etc.
• Tank irrigation, wells and Tube wells, Canals – their distribution in India with highest percentage
• Issues related to irrigation and initiatives

Multipurpose Projects
• Dams on different rivers
• Purposes and problems

Livestock and animal husbandry
• Distribution
• Livestock Products
• Milk – Operation flood etc
• Issues related to animal husbandry

Sericulture
• Production rank of India with other countries

Fisheries
• Fish production in India – ranking in world
• Marine Fisheries and Freshwater Fisheries – their Distribution in India – largest producing states

Land utilization
• Depends on physical factors and human factors
• Different types of uses of land
• Net sown areas, Forest, Pasture, etc.

Agriculture
• Dependency of India population on agriculture and contribution of agriculture to GDP.
• Problems of Indian Agriculture
• Small and fragmented landholding, seeds, manures, Fertilizers, and Biocides etc.

Agriculture Regions
• Rice- Jute – Tea Region, wheat and sugarcane region etc.

Agricultural revolutions
Intercrop imbalances, regional disparities etc

Major Indian crops
• Food crops
• Cash corps
• Plantation crops
• Horticulture
• Different conditions required for growth of these crops
• Its distribution in different states, highest producer

Mineral Resources
• Different mineral belt of India
• North Eastern Peninsular belt
• Central Belt
• Southern Belt
• Northwestern Belt

Types of Minerals –
1) Metallic – iron –ore, Manganese, cooper, etc
2) Non Metallic – limestone, potash etc

Iron ore
• Types
• Distribution and Production, largest producing area in India.
• India’s status in world countries
• Likewise for different types of minerals in India

Energy Resources
• Conventional sources of energy
• Coal – varieties – distribution in India
• And status in world countries

Petroleum or Mineral Oil
• List oil producing area, distribution
• Pipeline
• Distribution, import etc

Hydro electricity
• Important hydroelectric plants in Different states of India
• Recent development related to hydro electricity

Thermal – NTPC
• Nuclear Energy
• Programme in India
• Producing area.

Non- Conventional Energy Sources
• Solar
• Wind – first wind farm
• Biogas
• Small hydropower
• Geothermal energy, Tidal Energy, wave energy – their largest producer and distribution in India

Manufacturing Industries
• Industrial development in the Planning Era –
• Rise of modern industry
• Factors that influences the location of industries
• Geographical factors – Raw materials, power, labours transport, water, market etc.
• Non geographical factors – Capital, Govt., policies etc.
• Classification of Industries based on different criteria – (i) labour (ii) Raw Material (iii) ownership
• Miscellaneous industries – village, cottage, Ancillary Industries, Basic Industries etc.

Industries – Growth and Development, their largest producer and distribution in India, their problems.

Silk Industry – India enjoys the distinction of being the only country producing all the

five known commercial varieties of silk.

Iron and steel… Etc.

Fertilizers – Growth and Distribution

Agro based, forest based industry.

Major Industrial Region in India
• Mumbai – Pune,

• Hugli,

• Gujarat Industrial Region

Transport
• Railways & Roadways
• Growth and Development
• Different plans associated with it
• Nagpur plan
• BoT
• Classification of Roads.
• National Highways – largest, smallest.
• (NHDP) National Highways Development Project.
• NHDP – consist of different components.
• Golden Quadrilateral, North South Corridor
• State Highways – state wise length of Roads
• Border Roads
• Geographical Distribution of Roads

Air Transport

Water transport and Ports
• Water Transport
• National water ways
• Shipping
• Coastal shipping
• Ports – major and minor

IAS Score

Important Topics of General Science and Science & Tech.

  • by IAS Score

It has always been a dilemma for the aspirants, while charting the syllabus for General Science. It is more so while detailing the areas of recent development, the micro topics related to this area, for prelim, has been pretty vast.

By Manoj K. Jha

It has always been a dilemma for the aspirants of civil services examination, while charting the syllabus for General Science. It is more so while detailing the areas of recent development, the micro topics related to this area, for prelim, has been pretty vast (especially since the range of information matters for prelim). Keeping in mind the concerns, we are presenting the list of important topics for prelims 2014……

S & T Special Issue

• Institutional Structure for S & T in India
a) Dept of S & T
b) SEED
c) NCSTC
d) NSTEDB
e) CSIR
f) SERC
g) Technology dev Board
h) National Accreditation Board

• Schemes for dev of S & T
a) Different Fellowships Programmes
b) INSPIRE
c) FAST
d) Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan
e) International Travel Support Scheme

• S & T policy 2003
• S & T policy 2013

• Nanotechnology
a) What is Nanotechnology with brief introduction of  “ how it works”
b) Applications
c) Nano Mission of India
d) Different capacity building projects of India
e) Examples of some research outputs
f) Nano knowledge city
g) Initiatives by different companies
h) Drawbacks

• Telecommunications
a) Basic concepts as:
i. What is analog and digital?
ii. What are the different multiplexing techniques?
iii. Optical fibre system
iv. Networking devices as Modem, ISDN, PSTN, etc.
v. What is spectrum?
vi. How mobile phone works?
b) GSM and CDMA
c) Different Generations of Mobile
d) Types of mobile batteries
e) Wi-Fi; Wimax; Bluetooth; WiBro; WAP; GPRS
f) What are Broadband and its uses?
g) Satellite Phone
h) iPhone and iPad
i) GPS navigation
j) Radiation emission guidelines set for Mobile Handsets, Mobile Base Stations
k) Indian Telecom Industry with brief history; National Telecom Policy 1994, 1999, 2011
l) TRAI
m) Mobile Number Portability
n) TCCCPR Bill 2010
o) What is USOF?
p) Spectrum Licencing
q) Telecomm applications for the socio-economic dev of the masses

• Electronics
a) Brief introduction of Semiconductors
b) How semiconductor works
c) What are photovoltaic devices
d) LED and OLED
e) Plasma
f) LCD, CFL, CRT
g) HDTV
h) Triple play
i) Lasers
j) 3-D and Animation
k) Superconductors
l) Government initiatives for dev of electronic industry in India as Electronics Hardware Technology Park (EHTP) Scheme, Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme, National Skill Dev, etc.
m) R & D in Electronics
n) Electronics Policy 2011

• IT
a) Computers and their Generations
b) Supercomputers
c) Networking and types
d) Internet
e) Basic terms used in internet as www; http; HTML; URL; IP address etc
f) IPV6
g) IP Telephony
h) ocial networking sites and its impact
i) Computer crimes
j) Cyber laws
k) ypes of computer viruses
l) Recent controversy on online content
m) Digital signature
n) UIDAI project: use of IT in fingerprinting, iris scanning etc
o) ATM
p) AI
q) Digital Convergence
r) BPO: advent of it in India
s) E-governance: different initiatives by government
t) National Policy on IT
u) Cloud computing
v) Internet banking
w) E-learning
x) National Knowledge Network
y) AGRINET
z) NIC
aa) Robotics

• Biotechnology
a) What are genes?
b) What is biotechnology?
c) ts branches
d) Bio fingerprinting
e) Bio sensors
f) Genetic engineering
g) Recombinant technology
h) Gene mutation
i) Human genome project
j) Gene sequence of arhar, neem etc
k) Bio piracy
l) Bio-grid
m) Bt cotton
n) Bt Brinjal and controversy
o) Cloning
p) Stem cells
q) Applications in agriculture, industry, food, health etc.
r) Institutional structure for dev of biotechnology in India
s) Initiatives by government for the dev of biotechnology
t) Mission mode programmes
u) Bioinformatics
v) International collaborations
w) Latest achievements
x) XIth Five Year Plan

• Nuclear Technology
a) Basic concepts as:
i. What is radioactivity?
ii. Applications of radioactivity
iii. Nuclear fission
iv. Nuclear fusion
v. What is coolant, modulator, fuel used etc
vi. How nuclear power generates
vii. ifferent types of nuclear reactors as fast breeder, boiling water reactor etc
viii. Civilian and military use of nuclear technology
b) verview of different countries involved in nuclear technology with intro of ITER.
c) Disadvantages with focus on nuclear accidents and long term effect of radiation on masses
d) Institutional structure for dev of nuclear technology in India
e) India nuclear policy
f) Nuclear programme
g) Recent controversy of establishing nuclear reactors
h) Safety parameters issued by government
i) Uranium mines in India
j) Technologies and applications for societal dev in India

• Defence
a) Basic concepts as what is missile and how it works?
b) Stealth technology with intro of RADAR
c) Difference between ballistic and cruise missile
d) What is Mach speed
e) Division of types of missiles in relation with India missile programme
f) Anti ballistic missiles and how it works
g) BRAHMOS
h) Different technological dev in  weapons and aircrafts for Air force
i) Brief intro of different naval ships with their use
j) Institutional structure for R & D in defence
k) Role of DRDO for overall dev of defence system other than weapons as frozen foods, clothes etc
l) Chemical and biological weapons
m) Dirty bombs and convention to ban it
n) New technological dev to trace bombs
o) What is IED
p) Defense Technology Road Map of India

• Space
a) Brief history of space technology in India
b) How a satellite works
c) Different parts of satellites in brief
d) ISRO
e) Different Centres
f) Launch vehicle types
g) Propulsion systems
h) Cryogenic rockets
i) Reusable technology
j) Different satellite orbits as GTO, LEO,MEO, GEO
k) International space station
l) New ISS launched by China
m) VSAT
n) Telemedicine
o) INSAT and its applications
p) Examples of some latest INSAT satellites
q) Remote Sensing Satellites and its applications
r) Examples of some latest Remote sensing Satellites
s) New launches
t) Future programmes of India
u) Tele education
v) DTH
w) International collaborations
x) Space as a source of mass social dev
y) Environmental effects of satellites
z) Some space programmes of other countries as JUNO, KEPLAR, CHANGE 2 etc

• Energy
a) Overview of fossil fuels as coal, crude oil
b) New technologies to decrease its pollution content
c) Thermal power plants, how it works and disadvantages
d) Hydroelectric power plants, working and drawbacks
e) Carbon sequestration
f) Carbon footprint concept
g) New policies of government to make fossil energy resources more greener
h) Renewable energy resources and its advantages over non renewable
i) Solar energy
j) Wind energy
k) Fuel cells
l) Geothermal energy
m) Tidal and wave energy
n) Biofuel, biogas, etc
o) Hydrogen fuel and its uses
p) Some new inventions

• Biology
a) Cell theory
b) Skeletal and muscular system
c) Circulatory system
d) Nervous system
e) Respiratory system
f) Sensory organs
g) Reproductive system
h) Digestive system
i) Endocrine and exocrine glands
j) Diseases and vaccines
k) Diet
l) Some facts and figures

Manoj K. Jha

Important Topics of Environment and Ecology

  • by Manoj K. Jha

The topic of ‘Ecology, Bio-diversity & Climate-Change’ in Prelim coupled with the topic of ‘Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment’ in Main, creates a comprehensive structure of study.

By Manoj K. Jha

The topic of ‘Ecology, Bio-diversity & Climate-Change’ introduced in Prelim 2011 (ie. With the change of pattern) coupled with the topic of ‘Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment’ in Main (GS Paper III) creates a comprehensive structure of study. The non-conventional nature of the subject along with the fast developments taking place in the field has made it extremely difficult for a student to study it in totality. Given the situation, an attempt has been made to make the task of a student a little bit comfortable by enlisting the topics to be covered in a relatively detailed format. In this exhaustive list topic of contemporary relevance also has been included .

To study ecology and environment one can divide the whole syllabus into five categories ie.

· Fundamentals of Ecology
· Environmental problems
· Contemporary  environmental issues
· Integrated environmental management
· Global environmental governance and India’s response

Below mentioned are the suggested topics for ecology and environment section —-

ENVIRONMENT

1. Ecosystem: ….Structure of An Ecosystem …Function of an Ecosystem….Ecological Pyramids …..Ecological Efficiencies…Biological Magnification..etc

2. Biodiversity: …..Need for Preservation of Bio-diversity….Threats to Bio-diversity …Effects of Loss of Bio-diversity…Bio-diversity Conservation…Bio-diversity in India… Mangrove….National Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan

3. Natural Resources: ….Conservation of Forests …..Conservation of Soil….Conservation of Water…..Conservation of Wild Life …..Conservation of Energy Resources…and issues related to it…

4. Energy & Environment: …Fossil Fuels and Environment…Fuel Energy and Need for Sensible Use…..Renewable Energy …Bio-Mass Energy..Solar Energy for Rural India ….Gobar Energy in India….Biogas

5. Environmental Crisis: ….Forms of Environmental Crisis ….Causes of Environmental Crisis …..Environmental Conservation ….Government for the Management

6. Environmental Hazards: …Cyclonic Storms ….Floods …..Landslide …Landslide Zones….Drought  etc

7. Climatic Change:  …The Greenhouse Effect …. Consequences of Climate Change…World Response …UN-Convention on Climate Change

8. Global warming: …Greenhouse Gases….India Enters in Carbon trading…….Weakening North Atlantic Current …Upper Atmosphere thinning …..Ozone Hole Galloping Antarctica Again …Southern Hemisphere Affected More …..Sea Level Rise….environmental refugees, global initiatives..etc

9. Forest:  Forestry & Man….Social Forestry ….Agro-Forestry ….Silviculture

10. Forests & Environment:…..Indian Scenario….Need for Conservation of Forest..Scope of Forest Management…integrated forest management

11. Pollution:….Air Pollution ….Water Pollution …..Oil Pollution at sea …..Radioactive Pollution …..Role of Government in Combating Pollution..Recent developments..etc

12. Land Degradation….Desertification …..Modern Agriculture ….Soil Problem in India ….Wetlands Management…watershed development

13. Water Resources…Configuration of Water Use…..Water Quality Deterioration….Human Issues and Water Resources ….Water Management and Conservation..Water privatization and issues related..

14. Global environmental governance …important international environmental initiatives as..Earth summits, RIO, etc  …and issues related to it

OTHER TOPICS

1. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
2. Arctic Hurricanes
3. Bharat Stage -IV
4. B K Chaturvedi Committee on Ecological Clearance
5. Black Carbon
6. Carbon Credit
7. Bharti Research Station
8. Biofertilizer
9. Bioremediation
10. Carbon Footprint and Indian Industries
11. Carbon Sequestration
12. Carbon Sink
13. Carbon Tax
14. Cartagena Protocol
15. Census of Marine Life
16. Central Water Commission
17. CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamps)
18. Clean Development Mechanism
19. Coastal Zone Management
20. Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index
21. Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (Cites)
22. Desert Geopark
23. E-8 (Elephant Conservation)
24. Ecologically Sensitive Areas
25. Ecomark
26. Emission Trading
27. Energy Conservation Building Code
28. Energy Saving Certificates
29. Environmental Performance Index
30. Environmental Refugee
31. E.U. Emission Cap (Airlines)
32. Genetic Garden
33. Genetic Pollution
34. Geo-Engineering
36. Geographical Information System
37. Global Carbon Project
38. Global Tiger Forum
39. Green Building
40. Green India Mission
41. Green National Accounts Initiative
42. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
43. Haathi Mere Saathi
44. India State of Forest Report 2011
45. Integrated Coastal Zone Management
46. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project
47. Integrated Watershed Management Programme
48. IUCN Red list
49. Kiribati Islands (Climate Change Impact)
50. Kyoto Protocol
51. Multilateral Environmental Agreements
52. Nagoya Protocol
53. National Action Plan On Climate Change
54. National Centre for Marine Bio-Diversity
55. National Clean Energy Fund
56. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
57. National Disaster Communication Network
58. National Disaster Management Information System
59. National Environment Appellate Authority
60. National Environment Assessment and Monitoring Authority
61. National Environment Policy
62. National Geophysical Research Institute
63. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
64. National Green Tribunal (NGT) or Green Courts
65. National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture
66. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
67. Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC)
68. Network Project on Organic Farming
69. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
70. Oil spill
71. Oil zapper
72. Ramasar Convention
73. Redd
74. Redd+
75. Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
76. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
77. Save (Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction)
78. Un Convention on Biological Diversity (Uncbd)
79. Un International Year of Forests
80. Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (Wgeep)
81. Wwf (World Wildlife Fund)
82. Yeti (Young Ecologists Talk and Interact)
83. Zero Carbon Britain
84. All about Ecologically Sensitive Area
85. Water Degradation in Urban Areas
86. E-Waste Management and Handling
87. Disposal of Untreated Sewage
88. Conservation Of Tiger, Elephant, Snow Leopard, Etc
89. Environmental Aspects Associated With Mining
90. Kasturirangan Report
91. Corporate Social Responsibility And Environment
92. Forest Clearance Issue
93. IUCN updated List
94. Pro-Poor Green Development Initiatives
95. Climate Change and International Response
96. Mining of Sand on River Beds
97. Pollution in Metros
98. Encroachment on National Parks
99. Contamination of Water
100. Commercialization of Agriculture
101. Real Estate Boom and Environment Degradation
102. Haphazard Construction In Hilly Areas And Impact
103. Integrated River Basin Management
104. Trials of Gm Food and Impact
105. Environment Clearance and Development Issue
106. Community Forest Management
107. Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Auditing
108. Polythene Bags and Pollution
109. Groundwater Depletion
110. Impact Of Tower Radiation
111. Greenex: India’s First Carbon-Efficient Index

Manoj K. Jha

Important Physical Geography Topics For Ias 2014

  • by Manoj K. Jha

IAS aspirants are always in a dilemma regarding the selection of topics and detailing of micro topics of related subjects. Here we are presenting topics for Physical Geography (World & India) ….

By Manoj K. Jha

IAS aspirants are always in a dilemma regarding the selection of topics and detailing of micro topics of related subjects. It has been a challenge especially for the IAS Prelims paper, as range of information matters for prelims exam. Keeping in mind the concerns, we are presenting the list of important topics for prelims 2014. We will cover all the subjects one-by-one. Here we are presenting topics for Physical Geography (World & India) ….

GEOMORPHOLOGY
• Basic Terms and Concepts (Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, Strait, Isthmus, Gulf, Relief, Bay and Cape, Topography and its various types etc.)
• Earth(Shape, Size, Latitude, Longitude, Rotation, Revolution, Local Time, Standard Time, Earth Zone Rocks – Types of Rocks (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic) Interior Structure of Earth(Crust, Mantle, Core)
• Forces Which Affect The Earth Crust (Endogenetic, Exogenetic Forces, Mountain Building, Fold And Fault) Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonic Theory Etc Volcanism (Types and Distribution) Earthquake(Causes and Distribution) Eutrophication
• Drainage System and Drainage Pattern (Major Drainage Systems, Drainage Pattern, River Capture etc.)
• Biogeography (Genesis, Classification and Distribution of Soils, Soil Profile, Soil Erosion, Degradation and Conservation), (Factors Influencing World Distribution of Plants and Animals, Problems of Deforestation and Conservation Measures, Social Forestry, Agro-Forestry, Biomes and its various types, Major Gene Pool Centers)

CLIMATOLOGY
• Structure and Composition of Atmosphere (Composition of The Atmosphere Including Chemical Composition, Structure of The Atmosphere, Elements of Weather and There Control)
• Winds and Pressure Belt (Types of Wind, Permanent, Periodic and Local Wind) + (Horizontal Distribution of Air Pressure and Pressure Belt, Shifting of Pressure Belt, Pressure Gradient and Circulation, Wind Direction and Related Laws, Tricellular Meridional Circulation of The Atmosphere)
• Mode of Transportation of Heat (Mechanism of Solar Radiation, Distribution of Insolation, Heat Budget Etc.)
• Rainfall Type, Windward Side and Leeward Side (Convectional, Orographic & Cyclonic Rainfall, Global & Zonal Distribution of Rainfall & Its Regime,
• Humidity(Absolute, Specific and Relative), (Condensation & Adiabetic Change of Temperature)
• Clouds, Fog, Dew, Mist Haze and Smog
• Airmasses and Fronts
• Frontogenesis and Frontolysis
• Cyclone (Tropical and Temperate)

OCEANOGRAPHY
• Salinity and Its Distribution
• Tides
• Current (Atlantic, Pacific and Indian)
• Coral Reefs and Atoll

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
• Physiographic Regions of India (Himalaya, Great Plains, Plateau, Coastal Plain and Islands)
• Climate of India (Monsoon and Its Mechanism, El-Nino & La-Nino, Southern Oscillation and Walker Cell, Rainfall and Distribution in India, Climatic Classification of Koppen, Thornthwaite & Trewartha)
• Soils of India (Types, Soil Erosion and Conservation Measure)
• Vegetation of India (Types of Vegetation, Geographycal Distribution, Problems of Forest, Importance of Forest, Forest Products, Mangrove Forest and Social Forestry, Conservation, Wildlife, Preservation of Wildlife)
• Rivers and Tributaries of India(Peninsular and Himalayan River)
• Flood ( Causes, Problems, Prone Ares, Remedy and Forecasting)
• Drought (Types & Causes, Prone Area, Management and Remedy)
• Wetlands (Ramsar Sites, Preservation and Management)